Energy and Civilization: A History (MIT Press) by Vaclav Smil

Author:Vaclav Smil
Language: eng
Format: azw3
Tags: technology and civilization, energy consumption, power, resources
ISBN: 9780262035774
Publisher: The MIT Press
Published: 2017-05-12T06:00:00+00:00

The generation of electricity has combined technical improvements with large-scale spatial expansion, with the latter process surprisingly delayed even in parts of the United States and still far from completed in many low-income populous nations. This process started with small, isolated networks and has advanced to massive grids: in Europe they span the entire continent, Russia has an extensive network, since 1990 China has constructed many new long-distance interconnections, and among the high-income economies only the United States and Canada do not have any integrated nationwide grids. The latest transformation affecting the industry is the installation of wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, and central solar power stations: these new renewables (as opposed to hydroelectricity, the old form of renewable generation) are often heavily promoted and subsidized, and they have seen some rapid capacity additions, but their inherent intermittency and their low-capacity factors pose nontrivial problems in integrating them into existing grids.

Download

Copyright Disclaimer:
This site does not store any files on its server. We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete copyright contents if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately.